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About Open Data Watch Open Data Watch is an international, non-profit organization of data experts working to bring change to organizations that produce and manage official statistical data. We support the efforts of national statistical offices (NSOs), particularly those in low- and middle-income countries, to improve their data systems and harness the advancements of the data revolution. Through our policy advice, data support, and monitoring work, we influence and help both NSOs and other organizations meet the goals of their national statistical plans and the SDGs. Learn more about Open Data Watch at www.opendatawatch.com   About Data2X Data2X is a technical and advocacy platform dedicated to improving the quality, availability, and use of gender data in order to make a practical difference in the lives of women and girls worldwide. Working in partnership with multilateral agencies, governments, civil society, academics, and the private sector, Data2X mobilizes action for and strengthens production and use of gender data. Learn more about Data2X at www.data2x.org   About UN ECLAC The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) is one of five regional commissions of the United Nations. It was founded with the purpose of contributing to the economic development of the region, coordinating actions directed towards this end, and reinforcing economic ties among countries and with other nations of the world. The promotion of the region’s social development was later included among its primary objectives. The ECLAC Division for Gender Affairs plays an active role in gender mainstreaming and advancing women’s autonomy within regional development in Latin America and the Caribbean. It works in close collaboration with the national entities for the advancement of women in the region, civil society, the women’s movement, feminist organizations and public policymakers, including national statistics institutes. Learn more about ECLAC at https://www.cepal.org/en   #BridgetheGap

 

 

Contents Executive Summary Introduction Background and previous studies Contribution of the current study Previous work Latin America and the Caribbean Identifying gender indicators Typology of gaps in international and national databases Availability Level of disaggregation Timeliness and frequency Adherence to standards Microdata sources Study findings Data quality and availability Data timeliness and frequency Indicator availability by development domain Economy Education Environment Health Human security Public participation Data and gender policies Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Jamaica Paraguay Annex Table A1: Gender indicators included in study Table A2: Websites and data portals used to locate gender indicators Bibliography

 

 

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Executive Summary

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Bridging the Gap: Mapping Gender Data Availability in Latin America and the Caribbean assesses the availability of 93 gender indicators, their disaggregations, and their frequency of observation in international and national databases and publications. It reports on the availability of gender data in Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Paraguay, and with the assistance of our partners at the UN Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC), it documents the availability of statistical indicators to support gender development plans in the five countries.

Gender data are indicators of the status and welfare of women and girls or, when sex-disaggregated, indicators of pertinent differences between men and women. These indicators — if produced regularly and to a high standard — can be used to develop and implement policies and monitor results, delivering on commitments to achieve equality and opportunities for women.

In 2018, Data2X and Open Data Watch conceived a study that would offer national statistical offices, international statistical systems, development partners, and others involved in measuring and monitoring the progress of the world’s women and girls a more complete understanding of where gaps in gender data exist, why such gaps occur, and what can be done to fill them. The resulting technical report, Bridging the Gap: Mapping Gender Data Availability in Africa (Data2X, Open Data Watch, 2019), provided insights into those questions and moved the development community one step closer to producing high-quality and policy-relevant gender indicators to inform better decisions. This study builds on the experience of the previous study but shifts the geographic focus to Latin America and the Caribbean.

The 93 indicators selected for this study come from the list of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators or were recommended by UN Women to supplement the SDGs. Data gaps were examined in four dimensions: availability, granularity, timeliness, and adherence to standards. Using official national and international sources, study assessors recorded whether the indicators exist in any form, whether they were sex-disaggregated, and whether there were additional, advised disaggregations such as geographic location, age, income level, or disability status. Indicators were checked for adherence to international standards. Also recorded was how recently an indicator was produced and its frequency.

The availability of gender indicators was assessed at the international, national, and microdata levels. Data in international databases have been reported by countries and reviewed by custodian agencies. They generally, but not always, follow international standards for the computation and presentation of the indicators. Data in national databases may follow methodologies different from those in international sources but may still provide useful information for citizens and governments. Exploration of the microdata from censuses, surveys, or administrative records used to produce the most recent estimate of the indicator and their associated microdata reveals what instruments are being used to produce gender indicators. It may also reveal underutilized data resources or the need for higher frequency data collection. By better understanding the production and availability of gender data at these three levels, we can draw specific lessons on how to fill gender data gaps.

Large gaps remain in the statistical record. The study revealed that 53 percent of gender-relevant indicators are missing or lack sex-disaggregated data at the national level and 55 percent at the international level. In international databases, 30 percent of the indicators lack any sex-disaggregation and 25 percent are missing data entirely. In national databases there are more missing observations (31 percent) but a smaller proportion —22 percent — lack sex-disaggregation. This persistence of large gaps in both international and national databases points to the need for a coordinated effort to improve data collection and adopt common standards for the compilation of indicators.

The study looks at the availability of gender data across six development domains: health, education, economic opportunity, political participation, human security, and the environment. None of the six domains assessed have more than 68 percent availability of sex-disaggregated indicators, showing that even where data availability is highest, significant gender data gaps exist. The education domain has the highest proportion of sex-disaggregated data. Environment has the lowest proportion of sex-disaggregated data, with only seven percent at the national level.

Gender data availability varies between international and national databases as well as between countries themselves. There are some data for 75 percent of gender indicators in international databases and for 68 percent in national databases. In national databases, Paraguay and Jamaica (59 and 60, respectively) produced the fewest gender indicators, while Costa Rica (73) produced the most. Frequency of indicator production is highest in Colombia, where there was an average of 5.7 observations per indicator, and lowest in Paraguay, with only 2.1. Variations in data availability and capacity to fill data gaps shows that countries make difficult choices in their data production as a result of resource limitation.

Administrative sources are a potential source of high-quality sex-disaggregated information giving insight into the lives of women and girls that cannot be achieved with surveys. However, to play this role, improved documentation and more accessibility is required. Many of the indicators studied here still depend upon national or internationally sponsored sample surveys. These data sources, while of high quality, carry with them the limitations of any survey exercise: they are expensive, intermittent, and cannot provide resolution at small scale.

The results of this study document gaps in datasets needed to sustain progress toward gender equality, but even if these were to be filled, the data still need to be used in decision-making processes and incorporated in government policies. Going beyond the previous Bridging the Gap assessments, this study also evaluates national gender policies for how they include data in their planning and decision-making processes. Our findings show countries could improve their planning and decision-making process by either creating new plans or updating old plans with specific targets tied to measurable indicators. Further, providing easy access to these data through data portals, would increase public awareness and provide important evidence of progress towards targets and goals.

In addition to the results of the assessments and the findings described in this report, the study produced an expansive dataset that will be used to inform further research and analysis about gender data availability and accessibility. A companion volume documents the study methodology.

 

Introduction

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Data gaps are voids in our knowledge of the world and the people and communities who live in it. They limit our ability to understand the world as it is and to plan for change. In the case of gender data, these gaps limit our knowledge of the status and well-being of women and girls in countries around the world. Just as gender data are essential for designing and monitoring programs to improve the well-being of women and girls, knowledge of the location and persistence of gender data gaps is needed to design programs and mobilize resources for filling those gaps.

The terms gender data and gender indicators are used interchangeably in this report to refer to indicators that are defined uniquely for women or that provide sex-disaggregated data. In addition, disaggregations other than sex, such as age, location, refugee status, or disability may also be defined for some indicators. This study reports on the availability of 93 gender indicators, their disaggregations, and their frequency of observation in international and national databases and publications in five countries from the Latin America and Caribbean region. Data2X and Open Data Watch conducted this study to provide a quantitative assessment of availability of statistical indicators that are of particular relevance to measuring the living conditions of women and girls. The study also documents the microdata sources (censuses, surveys, and administrative records) used to construct the 84 gender indicators included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The study results show that, on average, sex-disaggregated data are available for only 47 percent of the SDG gender indicators in national databases in the five countries studied. These gaps are extensive but not uniformly distributed. Some indicators are available in every country over the period 2010 to 2019. But other indicators occur only sporadically, and large gaps exist in every country’s gender statistics. Using the results of this study, we can identify which countries and indicators have the largest gaps and suggest methods for filling them.

 

Background and previous studies

In 2014, Data2X published the first comprehensive report on the availability of gender indicators, Mapping Gender Data Gaps (Buvinic et. al., 2014). The study included some of the 52 indicators that comprised the Minimum Set of Gender Indicators proposed by the United Nations Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics (UNSC, 2013). The study found that, “globally, close to 80 percent of countries regularly produce sex-disaggregated statistics on mortality, labor force participation, and education and training. Less than a third of countries disaggregate statistics by gender on informal employment, entrepreneurship, violence against women, and unpaid work.”

Following the publication of Mapping Gender Data Gaps, Data2X and Open Data Watch (2016) identified a set of 20 gender indicators that were “ready to measure,” meaning that the indicators were available or the necessary microdata sources existed to construct them. The study drew on the World Bank’s Gender Data Navigator (GDN) to identify the surveys with sufficient data for constructing the indicators (World Bank, n.d.). Notwithstanding the availability of survey and administrative data, many gaps in these and other gender indicators persist.

To provide a more complete tabulation of gaps in gender data, Open Data Watch (ODW) and Data2X undertook a study of an expanded set of indicators in 15 low- and middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bridging the Gap: Mapping Gender Data Availability in Africa, ODW, 2019). The study examined the availability of 104 gender indicators in national and international databases over the period 2010 to 2018. It recorded the years in which the indicators were available, their disaggregation (by sex or other specified characteristics), and information derived from their metadata (where available) on the sources of the underlying data. It was also noted whether the published indicators conformed to international standards including frequency and timeliness.

In the countries studied, 48 percent of the gender indicators were missing or lacked sex-disaggregated data at both international and national levels. In international databases, 22 percent of the indicators lacked any sex-disaggregation and 26 percent were missing data entirely. In national databases there were more missing observations (35 percent) but a smaller proportion — 13 percent — lacked sex-disaggregation. Indicators were classified into six development domains. The health domain had the highest proportion of sex-disaggregated data, with 73 percent of the indicators sex-disaggregated at the international level. Environment had the lowest proportion of sex-disaggregated data, virtually none.

 

Contribution of the current study

This study builds on the results from previous publications but shifts the geographic focus to Latin America and the Caribbean. It reports on the availability of gender data in Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Paraguay. The countries were selected in consultation with the Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The countries are, on average, wealthier and have more developed statistical systems than those included in the Africa study. The study uses a revised list of gender indicators, including an additional 12 SDG indicators for which methodologies have become available. The assessments follow the same methodology used for the Africa study, but the time period has been extended from 2010–2018 to 2010–2019. (See Bridging the Gap: Methodology Report (ODW, 2020)). As in the previous study in Africa, this study has produced a precise audit of the publicly available gender indicators for the selected countries. In doing so, it provides a blueprint for filling the gaps in these and similarly situated countries.

 

Previous work Latin America and the Caribbean

In the 2017 Annual report on regional progress and challenges in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, ECLAC presented a comprehensive diagnostic on the institutional architecture for monitoring statistical processes related to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The report considered the national statistical capabilities for the production of the Sustainable Development Goal indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as the challenges posed to national statistical systems by new data ecosystems. Each year since then, the report had tracked the progress for monitoring SDGs in the region with a focus on prioritizing regional needs as well as identifying actions to improve statistical production.

ECLAC has also analyzed the 2030 Agenda and the SDG indicators in light of the challenges and priorities for gender equality and women’s rights and autonomy in Latin America and the Caribbean. The 2030 Agenda and the Regional Gender Agenda: Synergies for equality in Latin America and the Caribbean highlights the interconnections between the goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda and the importance of taking an integrated approach to ensure that progress on some SDGs is not achieved by means that could impede the attainment of goals and targets associated with gender equality and women’s rights.

 

Identifying gender indicators

In March 2016, the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) submitted its proposed list of some 232 indicators^[1] (IAEG-SDGs, 2016). The indicator list was subsequently partitioned into three “tiers”: indicators with an agreed methodology and reported by a majority of countries were assigned to Tier I; indicators with an agreed methodology but less well reported were assigned to Tier II; and indicators lacking an agreed methodology were assigned to Tier III. At subsequent meetings of the IAEG-SDGs, the tier classification has been revised and indicators have been promoted to higher tiers as new methodologies were proposed or more data became available.

The IAEG-SDGs (2019) has identified a “minimum set” of 54 SDG indicators that are “specifically or largely targeted” at women or girls. However, a number of these are among the SDG indicators that were classified by the IAEG-SDG as Tier III indicators because they lacked an agreed methodology and were not available for most countries (IAEG-SDGs, 2018). UN Women noted that “a less restrictive criteria where all indicators that are relevant for women and girls and can be disaggregated by sex are included would yield a greater listing of gender-relevant indicators.” Accordingly, Open Data Watch conducted a more detailed assessment and identified 36 additional Tier I and Tier II SDG indicators that are commonly published with sex-disaggregation or might be at a future date. UN Women has proposed a set of supplemental indicators to ensure that there exists at least one indicator for each of the 17 SDGs (UN Women, 2018). Open Data Watch selected nine of these indicators to include in the research dataset for this study.

Since the Bridging the Gap study in Sub-Saharan Africa, 11 Tier III SDG gender indicators have been upgraded to Tier II and one to Tier I. These indicators are included in the present study along with the nine supplemental indicators proposed by UN Women in 2018 but not included in the SDGs. To better focus on the indicators of current interest, indicators from the original UN Women Minimum Set that were not included in the SDGs have been dropped, leaving 93 gender indicators in the Latin American and Caribbean study, of which 84 are SDG indicators. For more information about indicator sources and selection, see the Bridging the Gap Methodology Report (ODW, 2020).

 

Typology of gaps in international and national databases

 

	1. AVAILABILITY The study recorded the availability of data in international databases such as the United Nations Global SDG Database (UNSD, n.d.) and the World Bank’s Gender Data Portal or those of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. National databases and publications available online were also examined for instances of the specified indicators. For each indicator and country, the study assessors noted whether the indicator was available with sex-disaggregation and other disaggregations required by the SDGs; the number of observations available between 2010 and 2019; and the location of metadata describing the sources and methods used to construct the indicator.
	2. LEVEL OF DISAGGREGATION Each indicator was assessed for whether it was fully disaggregated or if it lacked one or more required disaggregations. Indicators that lacked sex-disaggregation were recorded separately.
	3. TIMELINESS AND FREQUENCY Indicators were assessed for their timeliness and frequency. Timeliness was measured from the date of the most recent observation and frequency by the number of observations available over the period of 2010 to 2019.
	4. Adherence to standards Adherence to international standards is documented by the inventory of metadata recorded as part of the assessments. Indicators whose descriptions do not match their SDG definition were classified as “non-conforming” with their disaggregations recorded. A few examples include the following: 6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services: In Colombia’s national database, existing data are on percentage of population according to how they consider public services, on the scale of “very good” to “very bad” or no information. This data does not take consideration with their last experience with public services, but rather, survey respondents answer the question: How do you consider the service that public entities provide to citizens? 1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment: In Paraguay’s national databases, data are only on proportion of households with “poor caloric deficiency.” 2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport: In Jamaica’s national database, data are on proportion of people that use public transport, not people with convenient access.

 

Microdata sources

The Bridging the Gap studies in Sub-Saharan African and in Latin America and the Caribbean link gender indicators to their microdata sources and provide a summary data page with a description of each indicator, documentation of the indicator produced by each country, and its microdata sources. Metadata reviewed during the indicator assessments were used to identify the censuses, surveys, or administrative records used to construct the indicators found in national databases. Survey questionnaires were examined as needed to clarify sources and the availability of disaggregations.

 

Study findings

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Data quality and availability

Data quality depends on many factors: whether the data were properly collected and recorded; in the case of the survey data, whether the sample frame was well constructed and of sufficient size; and whether the construction of the indicator conformed to recognized standards and definitions. In this study, indicators available in national and international databases were assessed for the adherence to international standards as described by their SDG methodology or, for non-SDG indicators, as defined by UN Women.

For each indicator and each country, study assessors noted whether data for the selected indicators were available in one or more years between 2010 and 2019, whether the indicators were sex-disaggregated, and whether other disaggregations specified in their original description were included. The results were recorded separately for data found in international and national databases. The international databases studied are those maintained by designated custodian agencies such as the WHO, UNICEF, International Labour Organization (ILO), or the World Bank and the SDG Global Database. National data covered by the study included databases in online data retrieval systems such as data portals, online publications of national statistical offices or other government agencies, and nationally published research findings.

Indicators that fully conformed to their standard and included all prescribed disaggregations were classified as:

• AA (Available with all disaggregations)
• AF (Available but applicable only to women)

Indicators that conformed to their standard but lacked one or more of their prescribed disaggregations were classified as:

• BA (Available and sex-disaggregated but lacking other disaggregations)
• BF (Available, applicable only to women, but lacking other disaggregations)
• BX (Available but lacking sex-disaggregation)

Non-conforming indicators that were judged to be similar to or plausible proxies for the specified gender indicators were classified as:

• CA (Sex-disaggregated)
• CF (Applicable only to women)
• CX (Lacking sex-disaggregation)

Indicators with no observations over the 11-year period were classified as XX.

Table 1 shows the distribution of all 93 indicators by their classification in national databases. From a gender data perspective, indicators classified as AA, AF, BA, and BF can be considered of high quality. BX indicators, while conforming to standards, do not provide necessary information on the sex of the subjects. CA and CF indicators may be considered to be of lower quality although they provide gender-relevant information. CX indicators sit lowest on this scale as non-conforming and lacking sex-disaggregation.

 

Table 1: Number of indicators in national databases by availability and country

Indicator availability	Colombia	Costa Rica	Dominican Republic	Jamaica	Paraguay	Average
AA	5	23	18	14	20	16.0
AF	5	9	9	8	7	7.6
BA	7	7	7	5	5	6.2
BF	1	1	1	0	1	0.8
Conforming with sex-disaggregation	18	40	35	27	33	30.6
CF	6	2	5	1	2	3.2
CA	14	12	7	5	13	10.2
Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation	20	14	12	6	15	13.4
BX	12	10	9	17	3	10.2
CX	12	9	8	10	8	9.4
XX	31	20	29	33	34	29.4
Missing or lacking sex-disaggregation	55	39	46	60	45	49.0

 

 

Costa Rica has the highest number of conforming and sex-disaggregated indicators. The Dominican Republic and Paraguay are close seconds. Jamaica ranks fourth, and Colombia, with only 18 conforming indicators, lags far behind. Paraguay has the largest number of missing indicators (XX), but it also has the fewest number of available indicators that lack sex-disaggregation (BX + CX). Jamaica has the smallest number of non-conforming indicators (CA+CF+CX), but it also has the second highest number of missing indicators (XX). This suggests that there may be a trade-off: publish more non-conforming indicators or adhere to standards and publish less.

Figure 1 shows the proportion of indicators available in international and national databases. The major difference between national and international databases is that the former includes more non-conforming indicators, while international databases have a higher proportion of indicators with complete disaggregation but also a larger proportion of indicators that lack sex-disaggregation. Both national and international databases have a small share of indicators that lack some specified disaggregation but include sex-disaggregation. In total, 47 percent of the possible indicators are available in national databases with sex-disaggregated data; only 45 percent are available in international databases.

 

Figure1: Availability of data in international and national datasets

 

Data timeliness and frequency

The previous tabulations counted any indicator that had at least one observation over the 10-year period, 2010 to 2019. But scattered observations are not as useful as a continuous time series, particularly for determining the trend of gender equality and the SDGs in a country, and long lags before data become available diminish their relevance. The study assessments noted the individual years for which data are available and the total number of published observations over the 10-year period.

Figure 2 shows the distribution of the first and last year data are available for all 93 indicators in the national databases of the five study countries (countries with earlier data series were recorded as beginning in 2010). On average, 31.6 percent of all indicators lack any data. Of the available indicators, 39 percent have an initial observation in 2010 or earlier, but another 36 percent lack any observations before 2015. There is a pronounced surge in data availability from 2015 onwards, which may reflect the efforts to provide data at the end of the MDG period and for the baseline of the SDG period. Still, there are large lags: 32 percent of observations stop before 2016, and half of all indicators are three to four years old.

 

Figure 2: First and last years of data availability in national databases

Most gender indicators should be reported annually. A complete series should, therefore, include ten observations. But not all indicators are measured annually. Censuses are typically carried out once in a decade. Household surveys, collecting data on income, consumptions, and the welfare of individuals occur sporadically, but ideally every two to four years. Labor force surveys should occur annually, and administrative data, such as education data or crime statistics, are event driven but should be reported at least annually. Using standard methods for extrapolating from or interpolating between periodic data collections, annual estimates for most indicators can be produced.

Table 2 summarizes the number of observations available for all 93 indicators in national and international databases. The counts shown here are based on all available indicators, including those that lack sex-disaggregation and non-conforming indicators. In most national databases, one-third of the indicators lacked any observations over the period 2010 to 2019.

The observations of many indicators are sparse. More than half of the available indicators of the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Paraguay have three or fewer observations over the period. Costa Rica is the only country for which more than half of its national indicators have four or more observations. Paraguay is at the extreme end, having only five indicators with four or more observations in its national databases. Differences between countries are less extreme in international databases, although Jamaica falls well short of the others.

 

Table 2: Observations available, by country, 2010-2019

	National databases			International databases
	Indicators with no data	Indicators with 1 to 3 observations	Indicators with more than 3 observations	Indicators with no data	Indicators with 1 to 3 observations	Indicators with more than 3 observations
Colombia	31	19	43	19	32	42
Costa Rica	20	24	49	27	26	40
Dominican Republic	29	51	13	20	30	43
Jamaica	33	36	24	27	40	26
Paraguay	34	54	5	23	30	40
Five countries’ average	29.4	36.8	26.8	23.2	31.6	38.2

 

 

The term “data frequency” suggests that indicators follow a regular schedule, published annually, biennially, or at some regular interval. Some are, but in practice, many are not. Therefore, we use the term “data density” to describe the number of observations available in a given period.

Large differences were found in the availability and density of data between indicators and between countries. For example, complete, annual data for SDG 5.5.1 (proportion of seats held by women in national parliament) were only available from the SDG Global Database or from the Interparliamentary Union. In national databases, Costa Rica published only two observations over the period 2010 to 2014, while Jamaica published seven between 2010 and 2016. This indicator is derived from administrative records of the country and should, therefore, be complete and available in national databases.

Table 3 shows the average number of observations and the range of years available. Colombia and Costa Rica have the highest data density in national databases with more than five observations on indicators with any available data. The range of years available in these countries is also greater: on average data series begin in 2011 and extend to 2016. Paraguay, with the lowest data density, lacks extended time series: over the period a typical series begins in 2015 and ends in 2016.

International databases show a more even distribution of data. Paraguay has, on average, the same number of observations and the same range of years available as Colombia and Costa Rica. The Dominican Republic also has a larger number of observations and longer time series available in international databases. Behind the averages, there are differences in the indicators available, but these results suggest that countries could make more data available simply by publishing the observations already available in international databases.

 

Table 3: Average indicator density and range of years, 2010-2019

	National databases			International databases
Year 2010 – 2019	Average number of observations per indicator with data	Average beginning year	Average final year	Average number of observations per indicator with data	Average beginning year	Average final year
Colombia	5.7	2011	2016	5.1	2012	2016
Costa Rica	5.5	2011	2016	5.0	2011	2016
Dominican Republic	2.4	2014	2015	5.1	2012	2016
Jamaica	3.4	2012	2015	3.7	2012	2015
Paraguay	2.1	2015	2016	5.1	2011	2016
Five countries’ average	3.9	2013	2016	4.7	2012	2016

 

 

The IAEG-SDGs classifies indicators as Tier II if they have an agreed methodology but are available in fewer than half of the countries of the world. Efforts by the custodian agencies have added methodologies to Tier III indicators since 2015, promoting them to Tier II, and the remaining indicators are expected to reach Tier II status in the coming year. Surprisingly, there is not much difference in the density or range of Tier I and Tier II indicators in the five study countries. All except Paraguay have at least one observation in their national databases on more than half the Tier II indicators. The average number of observations for Tier I indicators with data was 4.2 and for Tier II 3.6. The differences in starting and final years of Tier I and Tier II indicators are also small, always less than a year. (These averages do not include non-SDG indicators or indicators with mixed tier classifications.) The differences are larger in international databases, which adhere more strictly to the prescribed methodologies of the SDGs. The average number of observations of Tier I indicators is 5.6, but only 3.0 for Tier II indicators.

 

Indicator availability by development domain

As with the Bridging the Gap study in Sub-Saharan Africa, each of the 93 indicators have been classified into one of five development domains according to Buvinic et al., 2014 in addition to environment: health, education, economic opportunity, political participation and human security. Health is the largest domain with 28 indicators, followed by economy and education. The count of indicators in each domain is shown in Table 4.

 

Table 4: Number and share of indicators in each domain

Domain	Number of indicators	Share (%)
Economy	20	21.5
Education	12	12.9
Environment	11	11.8
Health	28	30.1
Human security	15	16.1
Public participation	7	7.5
Total	93	100.0

 

 

The quality and availability of gender indicators differs by domain. Table 5 shows the distribution of indicators in national databases by their availability and domain across all five countries. Economic opportunity has the second highest number of gender indicators (20) and has the greatest share of conforming and sex-disaggregated indicators; health, with the largest number of indicators (28) has the third highest; political participation, with only seven indicators, ranks second. Education has the lowest share of conforming sex-disaggregated indicators, perhaps reflecting the structural differences in national educational systems. The environment domain, with the smallest proportion of available indicators also has the smallest share of indicators with sex-disaggregation. This is a gap that was also noted in the analysis of 15 Sub-Saharan African countries.

 

Table 5: Average availability of indicators in national databases by domain (%)

Indicator availability	Economic Opportunity	Environment	Health	Education	Human Security	Public Participation	Total
AA	29.0	1.8	21.4	15.0	10.7	8.6	17.2
AF	0.0	0.0	13.6	3.3	13.3	20.0	8.2
BA	21.0	0.0	0.7	8.3	4.0	2.9	6.7
BF	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.0	1.3	2.9	0.9
Conforming with sex-disaggregation	50.0	1.8	37.1	26.7	29.3	34.3	32.9
CA	9.0	5.5	11.4	25.0	8.0	5.7	11.0
CF	1.0	0.0	4.3	6.7	4.0	5.7	3.4
Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation	10.0	5.5	15.7	31.7	12.0	11.4	14.4
BX	5.0	14.5	18.6	8.3	8.0	2.9	11.0
CX	9.0	32.7	5.7	6.7	9.3	2.9	10.1
XX	26.0	45.5	22.9	26.7	41.3	48.6	31.6
Missing or lacking sex-disaggregation	40.0	92.7	47.1	41.7	58.7	54.3	52.7

 

Key to table
AA	Fully disaggregated data available
AF	Female only data with complete disaggregations
BA	Sex-disaggregated available lacking other disaggregations
BF	Female only data available lacking other disaggregations
BX	Available data lack sex-disaggregation
CA	Non-conforming data with sex-disaggregation
CF	Non-conforming data applicable to females only
CX	Non-conforming data lacking sex-disaggregation
XX	Not available

 

 

The availability of sex-disaggregated indicators in each domain differs between national and international databases. Figure 3 shows the proportion of indicators with sex-disaggregated data available. To simplify this presentation, all sex-disaggregated indicators are grouped together. The greatest difference between national and international databases occurs in the economic domain, where national databases have substantially more sex-disaggregated indicators. The smallest difference occurs in the health domain. The environment domain with only 11 gender-relevant indicators also has the smallest proportion with sex-disaggregated data and the largest relative difference between international and national databases.

 

Figure 3: Proportion of indicators with sex-disaggregated data by domain (%)

 

In the following sections we explore some of the sources of gaps and differences between national and international databases in each domain.

 

Economy

All the economic opportunity indicators included in this study are part of the SDG monitoring framework except the labor force participation rate. They provide an important but limited view of women’s economic roles and barriers to their full participation in the labor force. They consist primarily of measures of income or expenditures collected through household surveys and labor force indicators collected through surveys and administrative records. Other indicators measure the use of the internet by men and women and participation in the banking system. Missing from this set, however, are measures of the status of migrant women, earnings differentials, or access to childcare (Grantham, 2020).^[2]

Figure 4 shows the number of indicators available in the national databases of each country. This includes both sex-disaggregated and non-disaggregated indicators for which at least one observation was available.

 

Figure 4: Number of economic indicators available in national databases, 2010-2019

 

Data collected at the household level are generally not available with sex-disaggregation because of the difficulty of assigning shared resources to individuals. Sex-disaggregated measures of poverty rates or other indicators of household income or expenditure are rarely available. An exception is the measure of the employed population below the international poverty line, the so-called working poor, calculated according to the ILO’s methodology. Three of the countries in the study reported poverty rates for men and women at the international poverty line and all five reported rates measured at national poverty lines.

Four economic indicators are unavailable with sex-disaggregation in national or international databases, including the two measures of asset ownership:

• Proportion of adults with secure tenure rights to land (1.4.2)
• Average income of small-scale indigenous producers (2.3.2)
• Proportion of total agricultural population with secure rights over agricultural land and share of women among right-bearers of agricultural land (5.a.1)
• Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 percent of the population (10.1.1)

Four economic indicators are available with sex-disaggregation in national and international databases for all five countries:

• Unemployment rate (8.5.2)
• Labor force participation rate (not in SDGs)
• Proportion of youth not in education, employment, or training (8.6.1)
• Proportion of children engaged in child labor (8.7.1)

Of the remaining 12 economic indicators, most are available in the national databases of one or more countries, although some are produced by non-conforming methodologies. Few of these indicators are available in international databases, presenting an incomplete picture of women in the economy. The complete list of indicators and their availability is shown in Annex 1.

 

Education

Education measures of school enrollment, progress, and completion generally come from administrative records that are sometimes supplemented by surveys that record whether children are attending (as opposed to enrolled in) school. Measures of learning outcomes may be based on school exams, but more sophisticated measures of numeracy, literacy, or other competencies require specialized assessments. Measures of the facilities, learning materials, and teaching staff are also of importance for the quality of education . The SDGs include only one gendered facility indicator: the availability of single-sex sanitation facilities.

Figure 5 shows the number of education indicators available in the national databases of each country. These include both sex-disaggregated and non-disaggregated indicators. No country has a complete set of education indicators (12), but Jamaica and Paraguay come closest. Jamaica lacks data for two supplemental (non-SDG indicators): proportion of women with six or fewer years of education and proportion of women with less than a high school diploma. Paraguay lacks data for proportion of women with less than a high school diploma and SDG indicator 4.c.1, the proportion of teachers with appropriate qualifications at each school stage.

Figure 5: Education indicators in national databases, 2010-2019

Because these indicators reflect the structure of national (or local) education systems and national standards for educational achievement, they may not conform to international standards. As a result, in the five study countries, 24 out of 35 indicators with sex-disaggregated data are classified as non-conforming. In the international databases, 12 observations rely on non-conforming indicators but only a total of 24 observations are available out of a possible 60.

The assessment results show a mixed pattern. Only literacy and numeracy rates (4.6.1) are available in the national databases of all five countries, four of which were classified as non-conforming. Only a single instance of the indicator was found (without sex-disaggregation) in international databases. This may reflect reporting problems or the rejection of non-conforming indicators by international compilers.

 

Environment

Environment indicators in this study were selected because their data could plausibly be disaggregated by sex. All of them deal with the built environment: adequacy of housing, access to water, sanitation, and transportation services, and exposure to indoor pollution and natural disasters. This is not to say that the condition of the natural environment does not have a differential impact on men and women; however, indicators of resource use or environmental degradation are not measurable with sex-disaggregation. UN Women has suggested some supplemental indicators for the environmental goals (UN Women, 2018) that capture women’s activities, such as the proportion of women and men working in fisheries or sex-disaggregated statistics on household fuel collection and forest conservation activities. These indicators were not included in the study set because they lack an agreed methodology.

No environment indicator is available in all countries. As shown in Figure 6, even including indicators without sex-disaggregation, many countries lack any data for many of the 11 environment indicators.

 

Figure 6: Environment indicators available in national databases, 2010-2019

The environment is the domain with least availability of sex-disaggregated indicators. Seven indicators are unavailable or lack sex-disaggregation in either national or international databases:

• Number of deaths, missing persons, and directly affected persons attributed to disasters (1.4.1)
• Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services (6.1.1)
• Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water (6.2.1)
• Proportion of the rural population who live within two km of an all-season road (9.1.1)
• Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing (11.1.1)
• Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities (11.2.1)
• Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities (11.7.1)

Many of the indicators identified as being capable of sex-disaggregation are collective goods, facilities, or services shared by all household members. Like other indicators recorded at the household level, it is difficult to differentiate access or use by individuals. However, it is still possible to calculate the proportion of women living in households that share or have access to the facility or service. Similarly, surveys or administrative data that include the age or disability status of household members could be used to provide average measures.

 

Health

The SDGs include 25 indicators of women’s health spread across five goals. They fall into three broad groups: measures of undernourishment or food insecurity, including stunting in children; measures of disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of mothers and children; and measures of reproductive health and agency. We included three supplemental indicators recommended by UN Women for a total of 28, of which 18 are included in Goal 3 (“Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”). The others fall under Goals 2, 4, 5, and 8. Eight of the 28 health indicators are specific to women; the remaining 20 apply to both males and females.

As shown in figure 7, Costa Rica’s national databases provide at least one observation on 25 indicators, although this includes eight that lack sex-disaggregation. Paraguay with 22 indicators with data has only three that lack sex-disaggregation.

 

Figure 7: Health indicators available in national databases, 2010-2019

Three health indicators were unavailable or lacked sex-disaggregation in national or international databases of the five study countries:

• Malaria incidence
• Hepatitis B incidence
• Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases

These indicators are generally available in the SDG Global Database for other countries from the region, although without sex-disaggregation.

Also missing from national databases was the frequency rate of occupation injuries, and from international databases, five more indicators were unavailable or lacked sex-disaggregation:

• Children under five years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning, and psychosocial well-being
• Women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care
• Prevalence of undernourishment
• Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity
• Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme

For each of these indicators, only one or two countries could provide data in their national databases. Nevertheless, the lack of data at the international level is surprising and points to gaps in the global programs for data collection and dissemination.

There were five health indicators with data in national and international databases for all five countries:

• Prevalence of malnutrition among children under five years of age
• Maternal mortality ratio
• Under-five mortality ratio
• Suicide mortality rate
• Adolescent birth rate

 

Human security

There are 15 human security indicators, the majority of which record experience of violence or perceptions of danger. Eleven fall under SDG 16 (“Peaceful and inclusive societies…”) along with four from Goal 5 (“Gender equality”) that refer specifically to women and girls. Data for these indicators, particularly those concerning sexual violence, are difficult to collect, requiring carefully planned and administered individual survey — though administrative records, such as police reports, are usually incomplete or unreliable.

As shown in Figure 8, the Dominican Republic has the most complete set of human security indicators, of which nine are available with sex-disaggregation. Paraguay, with six out of 15 indicators, reports sex-disaggregated data for only four.

 

Figure 8: Human security indicators available in national databases, 2010-2019

Three indicators are not available with sex-disaggregation in either national or international databases:

• Girls and women who have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) or cutting (5.3.2)
• People who report having felt personally discriminated against or harassed (16.b.1/10.3.1)
• Conflict-related deaths (16.1.2)

FGM is not commonly practiced in the region, although there are reports of its occurrence in parts of Colombia.^[3] Indicator 16.b.1, meanwhile, was originally classified as Tier III and has been upgraded to Tier II. The methodology calls for a survey module with two questions about 12 possible grounds for discrimination. No record exists of such a survey being carried out in the study countries. The methodology for collecting indicator 16.1.2 recognizes that there are multiple possible data sources and differences in the definition of conflict-related deaths. It is classified as Tier II, indicating that data are not widely available, but it is still noteworthy that Colombia, which was engaged in a prolonged civil war until recently, has no data.

Two indicators are available with sex-disaggregation in national and international databases for all countries:

• Women aged 20–24 years who were married or in union before age 15 and age 18 (5.3.1)
• Victims of intentional homicide (16.1.1)

Data on homicides are the most available crime statistics because homicide is a crime that is generally reported, while other crimes against persons or property are generally believed to be underreported by victims or by police or other authorities.

 

Public participation

Public participation is the smallest domain, with only seven gender indicators, all included in the SDGs. Three of these indicators concern the proportion of women holding high positions in government, business, and other public institutions. Two record contact with public services. Perhaps the most immediately relevant to improving the quality of gender statistics is the proportion of children who have been registered with a civil authority.

 

Figure 9: Public participation indicators available in national databases, 2010-2019

Figure 9 shows that only the Dominican Republic has more than three sex-disaggregated indicators in its national database. The most widely reported indicator is the proportion of seats held in parliament which is available for every country and is regularly reported by the Interparliamentary Union. However, no country provides similar data for legislative or executive positions in local governments.

Two indicators have recently been upgraded to Tier II but remain unavailable with sex-disaggregation in national or international databases. They will need to be incorporated into appropriate surveys. Both ask for the subjective opinions of respondents:

• Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services (16.6.2)
• Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive (16.7.2)

 

Data and gender policies

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As already established, data is critical for measuring and monitoring progress toward achieving national and global goals for gender equality and women’s autonomy. To be most effective, these data must be incorporated in decision-making processes and government policies.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, different strategies and public policies have been adopted to address the data gaps in measuring and addressing gender inequality. These include national equality plans containing strategic objectives and goals for strengthening gender equality and increasing women’s autonomy. Moreover, in response to the recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women for the establishment of accountability mechanisms for the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation and impacts of these policies and plans, countries such as Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, and Paraguay have evaluated their national equality policies and plans in recent years (ECLAC, 2019b).

At the regional level, the Montevideo Strategy for Implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda within the Sustainable Development Framework by 2030 (ECLAC, 2016) has become a guide for directing the design of gender equality plans and policies. It is a political-technical instrument adopted in 2016 by the member States of ECLAC at the thirteenth session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean — with the aim of advancing the implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda, and ensuring that it serves as a road map for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the regional level, from the perspective of gender equality and women’s autonomy and human rights.

One of the ten implementation pillars set under this strategy concerns the strengthening of information systems, with the aim of “transforming data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into political decision.” It proposes nine measures to establish and strengthen national statistical systems with a gender perspective, including disaggregation and dissemination of data by sex, age, race and ethnic origin, socioeconomic status, and area of residence, in order to improve analyses to reflect the diversity of women’s situations. It recommends developing and strengthening instruments such as surveys on time use, violence against women, sexual and reproductive health, and use of public spaces to better measure gender inequalities. It also recommends building and strengthening institutional partnerships between bodies that produce and use information, particularly between entities for the advancement of women, national statistical offices, academic institutions, and national human rights institutions, along with the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Statistical Conference of the Americas of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2016).

One of the most significant advances made in recent years in the region is the importance that has been placed on the production of statistics with a gender perspective. With regards to the application of the Montevideo Strategy on information systems, the region’s countries have reported initiatives that include the construction of repositories, the strengthening of administrative records and the creation of information systems, gender observatories, and atlases. Of particular note are the advances made in measuring time use and the distribution of unpaid work and in the conceptual and methodological development of methods to quantify femicide (ECLAC, 2019a).

This is reflected in the priority that the Latin American and Caribbean countries have placed on the regional set of indicators for monitoring the region’s progress toward the SDGs within the framework of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (SCA), which includes two gender-related indicators that did not originally feature in the framework of global indicators — total work time and the femicide rate — but were part of the Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2018b).

This can be seen as a culmination of the intergovernmental efforts made in the region, for instance, the important role played by the Working Group of Gender Statistics (WGGS) of the SCA of ECLAC, which was approved by the Fourth Conference of the SCA in 2007. This working group, coordinated by Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), has been working towards aligning the requirements of the countries in the region with the SDGs, to formulate ways of developing capacities and the strengthening of methodologies for the production and use of data, as well as the development of gender indicators related to human rights and the advancement of women and girls on issues such as poverty, access to technology, women’s participation in decision-making, time use and work, statistics, and violence against women and girls, among others (ECLAC, 2006).

Furthermore, recognizing the cross-cutting nature of gender issues, Resolution 11(X) adopted at the tenth meeting of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, held in 2019, in Article 26 asks “that the working groups of the Statistical Conference of the Americas mainstream the gender perspective into their work, along with other cross-cutting elements of statistical work such as classifiers.” (ECLAC, 2019c) In the following section, we examine the data required to implement and monitor gender policies in the selected countries through an examination of their recent national plans.

 

Colombia

The National Development Plan (NDP) 2018-2022 titled, “Pact for Colombia, Pact for Equity” (Pacto por Colombia, pacto por la equidad) addresses cross-cutting themes including gender equality; environmental sustainability; science, technology and innovation; transport and logistics; digital transformation; public services in water and energy; mining resources; identity and creativity; peace building; ethnic groups; and people with disabilities (DNP, 2018). While the plan was designed with targets aligned with the national vision as well as the commitments towards the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, the SDGs have served as a tool for promoting coherence within and between the different sections of the plan.

The importance of monitoring gender gaps has also received support high-level support. Colombia has launched the Colombian Women’s Observatory, regulated by Law 1009 of 2006, which endorsed the responsibility to the Administrative Department of the Presidency of the Republic, through the Presidential Counseling for Women’s Equity. This Observatory aims to collect, analyze and disseminate information related to the situation of women living in Colombian territories, as well as to support the formulation and monitoring of public policies to close gender equity gaps in Colombia, at the national, regional and local levels (Colombian Women’s Observatory, n.d.).

Previously, the Government of Colombia’s National Council for Economic and Social Policy implemented the National Policy for Gender Equality 2013-2016 (CONPES, 2013). While the national policy had clearly defined objectives, the plan did not set any measurable targets to monitor these objectives. Because the national policy was introduced prior to the adoption of Agenda 2030, it did not align with the goals and frameworks of the SDGs.

The new plan represents the first time in the country’s history that a dedicated crosscutting “Pact for Women’s Equity” has been incorporated in the national development plan, including measures to promote women’s autonomy in physical, economic, political, and educational dimensions (ECLAC, 2019a).

This plan is consistent with the SDGs and uses measurable indicators to monitor the objectives of the national policy. Specifically, the Plan’s “Pact for Women’s Equity” contains eight policy objectives:

• Strengthening the gender institutional framework in Colombia
• Education and economic empowerment to eliminate gender gaps in the world of work
• Care, a commitment for articulation and co-responsibility
• Women’s participation in power scenarios and decision making
• Promotion of sexual and reproductive rights for children and adolescents
• Women’s right to a life free of violence
• Rural women as agents of transformation
• Equity for women in peacebuilding

The government of Colombia has strong resources to monitor the SDGs. These include DANE’s SDG database and the Departamento Nacional de Planeación’s Voluntary National Report (2018). These resources are available if the National Council for Economic and Social Policy updates its National Policy for Gender Equality, although some of the indicators will also need to be updated. With a renewed national policy, the National Council for Economic and Social Policy can build partnerships with the national statistical system for improving the quality and availability of data in DANE’s SDG database.

The following SDG indicators could be used to monitor these policy lines. For each indicator a note describes its availability in the official databases of Colombia.

Strengthening the gender institutional framework in Colombia

• c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment.

This indicator is not defined for a single country and hence was not included in the Bridging the Gap assessments. Colombia, however, should be counted among those countries with a strong and growing gender institutional framework.

Education and economic empowerment to eliminate gender gaps in the world of work

Of the seven SDG indicators most pertinent to this policy goal, only four are available in national databases, of which three are non-conforming and one is sex-disaggregated but lacks other disaggregations. The unemployment rate lacks the recommended disaggregation by disability status.

 

4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex	Not available
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill	Not available
5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities	Not available
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) not in education, employment or training	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation

 

Care, a commitment for articulation and co-responsibility

3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel	Available with all disaggregations
5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation

 

Women’s participation in power scenarios and decision making

5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation

 

Promotion of sexual and reproductive rights for children and adolescents

5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18	Available with all disaggregations
3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10–14 years; aged 15–19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care	Not available

Women’s right to a life free of violence

5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence	Available with all disaggregations
16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 months	Available with all disaggregations
16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live	Not available

 

Rural women as agents of transformation

1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure	Not available
5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure	Not available

However these two indicators are not yet available in Colombia’s SDG data portal.

Equity for women in peacebuilding

16.2.2 Victims of human trafficking	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms	Not available

 

Costa Rica

The National Policy for Effective Equality between Women and Men in Costa Rica 2018–2030 (La Política Nacional para la Igualdad Efectiva entre Mujeres y Hombres en Costa Rica 2018-2030) (PIEG, 2018) is a landmark policy document formulated within the framework of international and regional conventions and the Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, which contains regulations to promote and protect the principles of equality and non-discrimination. These include the international conventions ratified by Costa Rica that protect the rights of women, especially the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 1984); the Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish, and Eradicate Violence against Women (Belem Do Pará Convention) (OAS, 1994); the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (United Nations, 1995) as well as Agenda 2030 (United Nations, 2015) and the SDGs (United Nations, n.d.). It also aligns itself to the Montevideo Strategy for the implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda and the Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development, among others.

The policy is a tool for articulating the relationship between institutions, as well as between institutions and the civil society and with private initiatives, that contributes to the development of concrete actions for the achievement of expected results in four strategic axes, namely: 1) culture of rights for equality; 2) time distribution; 3) distribution of wealth; and 4) distribution of power.

The policy document sets objectives and expected results for each of these axes. Achieving these objectives will require public actions focused on areas such as employment, health, and education of women, as well as promoting each action on the principle of non-discrimination and effective equality (INAMU, 2018). The corresponding indicators for each of the results proposed for the policy axes are to be measured three times during the period: for the establishment of the baseline at start of the policy (year 2019), a follow up in the year 2024, and the last one in 2030. The PIEG Technical Secretariat is the body responsible for updating these result indicators, alongside producing annual progress reports.

As part of the monitoring and evaluation plan elaborated for the PIEG 2018-2030, the document commits to the establishment of an online information system for monitoring management and substantive compliance with policy performance indicators. This will be organized around the modules corresponding to each of the four strategic axes. This information system will provide and receive information related to said compliance and will submit its outcome indicators for ongoing feedback from institutions, organizations and citizens. Essentially this system will serve as a permanent observatory of progress, challenges, and achievements of the PIEG, making the information easily accessible within the framework of open data regulations (INAMU, 2018).

As part of this policy, Costa Rica is also implementing the 2019–2022 Plan of Action of the National Policy on Equality and Equity, taking forward the progress made in closing the gender gaps through implementing the six objectives of the previous policy and addressing the structural challenges as defined in the Montevideo Strategy, namely, socioeconomic inequality and poverty; patriarchal, discriminatory and violent cultural patterns and the culture of privilege; the sexual division of labor and the unjust social organization of care; and the concentration of power and hierarchical relations in the public sphere. The National Institute for Women (Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres (INAMU)) is responsible for the technical coordination of this plan of action.

The four substantive axes have been considered as priorities of the PIEG which bring together responses and approaches to public solutions aimed at “reducing or eroding the structural challenges that the country still faces in terms of achieving effective equality between women and men.”

 

Axis 1: Culture of rights for equality

Promote cultural changes in citizenship to favor effective equality between women and men for the promotion, protection, respect, and guarantee of their human rights, in all regions and areas of the country.

Strengthen the culture for gender equality and institutionality in the state.

Three SDG indicators are aligned with the objectives of Axis 1. However, because indicator 5.1.1 is not a statistical indicators and 5.b.1 is not defined for a single country, they were not included in the Bridging the Gap assessments. Indicator 10.3.1 is not currently available in Costa Rica’s national databases.

5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex	Not included in Bridging the Gap
5.c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equal	Not included in Bridging the Gap
10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law	Not available

 

Axis 2: Time distribution

To promote social co-responsibility for caring for people in situations of dependency and unpaid domestic work, which enables opportunities and the effective exercise of human rights of women.

One SDG indicator is available to support the objectives of Axis 2. Additional information will be needed on the characteristics of the individuals providing care work and those receiving care.

5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location

Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations

 

Axis 3: Distribution of wealth

To strengthen the economic autonomy of women through inclusive quality employment and the use, access, and control of income; resources and benefits; reducing inequality in distribution of the country’s wealth; and considering social co-responsibility of care as the axis of economic empowerment in all regions and zones.

Sixteen indicators, including ten with complete disaggregations, support the objectives of Axis 3.

1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions	Available with all disaggregations
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution	Available with all disaggregations
4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
4.3.X Primary and secondary out of school rates, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.5.X Labor force participation rate, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) not in education, employment or training	Available with all disaggregations
8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider	Available with all disaggregations
10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Available with all disaggregations
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims, and the poor and the vulnerable	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure	Not available
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill	Not available
5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure	Not available

 

Axis 4: Distribution of power

To strengthen women in their personal empowerment, individual and collective leadership, self-care and their well-being for full citizenship and the achievement of effective equality.

Two SDG indicators support the objectives of Axis 4. As in the case of Axis 2, additional indicators are needed to fully capture all aspects of this complex issue.

5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments	Available with all disaggregations
5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions	Available with all disaggregations

 

In addition to the PIEG, INAMU is also implementing its National Policy for Addressing and Preventing Violence against Women of All Ages (2017–2032) (Política Nacional para la Atención y la Prevención de la Violencia contra las Mujeres) (INAMU, 2017), whose timeframe goes beyond that of the SDGs. The national policy references the SDGs, particularly on the purpose of the goals, and places strong emphasis on Goal 5 (Gender equality), as this goal touches on many aspects of violence against women. The policy also provides detailed goals, objectives, targets, observations, and lists institutions responsible for carrying out these goals. Some objectives specifically discuss the use of data, however, there are no specific indicators to measure progress towards these data-driven objectives. The available SDG indicators pertaining to violence against women either lack sex-disaggregation or do not adhere to SDG standards but may serve as a proxy indicator.

The policy commits Costa Rica to “Define, build, and maintain an information system based on the homologation of registers and the construction of key, agreed indicators that allow showing the dimension of gender violence.” The SDGs include five indicators that record experience with physical, psychological, and sexual violence. The Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica has an SDG database where users can access SDG and proxy indicators. However, many violence-related indicators lack sex-disaggregation. These indicators include:

• 2.2 Women subjected to sexual violence by other than an intimate partner (available indicator reports hospitalizations due to rape; data for 2009-2015)
• 1.3 Population subjected to physical, psychological, or sexual violence (data for 2012-2016)
• 2.3 Young women and men who experienced sexual violence (data for 2013 and 2018 not sex-disaggregated)

Two relevant indicators are not available:

• 2.1 Ever-partnered women and girls subjected to violence
• 3.1 Population reporting discrimination or harassment

To improve the availability and disaggregation of data on the SDG global database, these SDG indicators may serve as a strong basis to track progress in eliminating gender violence in Costa Rica.

The plan adopts recommendations from the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). These include improving the system of data collection on violence against women, with data disaggregated by sex and type of violence and relationship of the perpetrator with the victim. Some data are available in national databases, although not all adhere to international standards:

• 3.1 Victims of violence who report their victimization. (data available for 2010 and 2014 but not sex-disaggregated based on households, not individuals)
• 2.1 Children experiencing physical punishment (not sex-disaggregated; data for 2016 and 2017)

Another recommendation by CEDAW is the systematic monitoring and periodic evaluation of the trafficking and exploitation of women in prostitution and collecting and analyzing data. Only one indicator included in the SDGs directly measures human trafficking (16.2.2). Other related SDG indicators pertaining to sexual violence are also relevant. In addition, underlying administrative records and survey data should be investigated for additional information relevant to human trafficking.

Costa Rica has endeavored to incorporate a gender perspective in the framework of national policies, strategies, and plans on climate change and the environment. For example, the National Policy on Gender Equality and Social Inclusion for the Costa Rican Agricultural and Rural Sector 2019–2030, the National Wetlands Policy 2017–2030, the National Biodiversity Policy 2015–2030 and the National Policy on Adaptation to Climate Change 2018–2030, all take gender issues into account. In addition, the Action Plan of the National REDD+ Strategy for the Forests and Rural Development Programme incorporates a gender perspective, including specific indicators and results for the advancement of women in forest protection and rural development and promotes the consolidation of rural women’s organizations in the protection of the country’s forest areas. Furthermore, in 2018, the gender perspective was incorporated for the first time in the preparation of Costa Rica’s Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (ECLAC, 2019b).

In Costa Rica, the guidelines for the incorporation of gender in the production and dissemination of statistics of the National Statistical System (SEN) were adopted in 2015 by means of agreement No. 3 of the Ordinary Session No. 792-2015 of the Executive Committee of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC). These guidelines are mandatory for all institutions affiliated with the national statistical system and are intended to serve as a model for the generation of gender-sensitive statistics at all stages of production — that is, design, collection, systematization, analysis, and dissemination. Furthermore, Costa Rica has also established the Inter-Agency Commission for the National Survey on Violence against Women and the joint preparation by the National Institute of Statistics and Census and the National Institute of Women commission of technical guidelines for producing gender statistics (ECLAC, 2019b).

Costa Rica’s SDG database is an important tool to integrate data into its national policy. But many of the included indicators either lack sex-disaggregation or do not adhere to international standards and, in some cases, are out of date. For indicators that lack sex-disaggregation, underlying microdata sources (surveys or administrative data) may contain information on the sex of the respondent or other relevant characteristics that can be used to produce disaggregated indicators. Indicators that do not adhere to international standards should also be reviewed to see whether the SDG indicator can be constructed from the underlying data. If not, a proxy indicator may be used in the interim until improved forms of data collection are set in place.

There is a need to further strengthen the production and use of gender data. In this context, the SDG indicators and the supplemental indicators included in this study might provide a good starting point. However, at present Costa Rica’s national databases provide only 78 percent of the indicators in some form and 58 percent with sex-disaggregated data.

 

Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic’s National Plan for Equality and Gender Equity 2007-2017 (Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género), which began during the Millennium Development Goals era and ended two years after the introduction of the SDGs, was geared toward integrating the MDGs into the country’s national gender plan (Dominican Republic Ministry of Women, 2011). It provided detailed goals, objectives, and action items and designated institutions responsible for each of the objectives.

The Dominican Republic’s Ministry of Women (Ministerio de la Mujer) has since launched its National Plan on Gender Equality and Equity (PLANEG III) for the period 2019 until 2030 (Dominican Republic Ministry of Women, 2019). Formulated in alignment with all 17 of the SDGs and the National Development Strategy 2030, the plan defines seven strategic axes: education for equality; integrated healthcare for women; economic autonomy; citizenship, democracy, and political and social participation; environment and gender equality; violence against women; and digital technologies for the autonomy of women.

 

Education for equality

Indicator 4.7.1, which is an assessment of the “Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment,” is not included in national databases and was not assessed as part of the Bridging the Gap study. At least five other SDG indicators are relevant to this objective, but only one is currently available in national databases.

4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to single-sex basic sanitation facilities	Not available
4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country	Not available
10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed	Not available
16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services, specifically (a) healthcare services; (b) education services; and (c) government services	Not available

 

Integrated health care for women

Most of the relevant SDG indicators are available in national databases.

3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio	Available with all disaggregations
3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel	Available with all disaggregations
3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods	Available with all disaggregations
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women in that age group	Available with all disaggregations
5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age, and key populations	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
5.6.X Proportion of women who have an independent/joint say in own health care	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease	Not available

 

Economic autonomy

Six SDG indicators are relevant to monitoring this objective, but only two are available as defined by the SDGs and two are not available in national databases.

5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.5.X Labor force participation rate, by sex	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
1.2.2 Proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed	Not available
11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing	Not available

 

Citizenship, democracy, and political and social participation

5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments	Available with all disaggregations
5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions	Available with all disaggregations

 

Environment and gender equality

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons, and directly affected persons attributed to disasters	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution	Not available

 

Violence against women

Many relevant indicators are available in national databases.

5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls subjected to violence	Available with all disaggregations
5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner	Available with all disaggregations
16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological, or sexual violence in the previous 12 months	Available with all disaggregations
16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms	Available with all disaggregations
16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age	Available with all disaggregations
16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live	Available with all disaggregations
16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age, and form of exploitation	Available with all disaggregations
16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation

 

Finally, with regards to women in science and technology, aspects of the plan could be monitored by SDG indicator 4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill. However, additional indicators are required to provide a full picture of the opportunities for women in science and technology.

The Dominican Republic has already renewed commitments to improving the quality of gender data, which is important for any future national gender plan. In March 2019, PARIS21 in collaboration with the Oficina Nacional de Estadística (ONE) undertook gender statistics activities and projects in the Dominican Republic “… aimed at obtaining information about the production, coordination and use of gender statistics in the Dominican Republic through the use of questionnaires, covering different areas of statistical capacity and statistics use. The information obtained from these questionnaires, as well as the assessment of data gaps (planned for the [third quarter 2019]), will form the basis of an assessment of national gender statistics,” (PARIS21, 2019). This national gender statistics assessment will then be used to integrate gender statistics into the next National Strategy for the Development of Statistics. The current Bridging the Gap study can be used as input to the national assessment.

 

Jamaica

Vision 2030 Jamaica: National Development Plan is the country’s long-term, national development framework. The Vision 2030 document mainstreams gender throughout its seven guiding principles of transformational leadership, partnership, transparency and accountability, social cohesion, equity, sustainability, and urban and rural development (Planning Institute of Jamaica 2009). These are incorporated in four broad goals. Each goal has several targeted outcomes, whose gender impacts can be monitored by relevant SDG indicators. The most important outcome targets from a gender perspective are discussed below.

 

Goal 1: Jamaicans are Empowered to Achieve their Fullest Potential

Outcome 1:A Healthy and Stable Population

Twelve SDG indicators measure the health status of women, men, and children. All but two are available with sex-disaggregation or apply specifically to women. In most cases, other disaggregations are available in national databases.

3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio	Available with all disaggregations
3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel	Available with all disaggregations
3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate	Available with all disaggregations
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group	Available with all disaggregations
3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age, and key populations	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
3.b.1 Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
4.1.1 Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
3.3.5 Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases	Not available
5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care	Not available

 

Outcome 2: World-Class Education and Training

Nine SDG indicators provide measures of education progress and attainment, but five of the indicators available in Jamaica’s national databases do not conform to the recommended methodologies and three lack sex-disaggregation.

4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning, and psychosocial well-being, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to single-sex basic sanitation facilities	Available with all disaggregations
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples, and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
4.6.1 Proportion of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation

 

Outcome 3:Effective Social Protection

1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims, and the poor and the vulnerable

Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation

 

Goal 2: The Jamaican Society is Secure, Cohesive and Just

Outcome 5: Security and Safety

Eleven SDG indicators are recommended for monitoring the safety and security of women, but only five are available with sex-disaggregation and two are not available at all in Jamaica’s national databases.

5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual, or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age	Available with all disaggregations
16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age	Available with all disaggregations
5.2.2 Proportion of women (aged 15-49) subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner, since age 15*	Available with all disaggregations
5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18	Available with all disaggregations
16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological, or sexual violence in the previous 12 months	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law	Not available
16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age, and form of exploitation	Not available

 

Outcome 6: Effective Governance

Four indicators are available in the SDGs that measure women’s participation in higher levels of government or private institutions or their experience with public services. Data on women’s share of managerial positions and satisfaction with public services are not currently available in national databases.

5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments	Available with all disaggregations
16.7.1 Proportions of positions in national and local public institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities, and population groups	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions	Not available
16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services, specifically a) healthcare services, b) education services and c) government services	Not available

 

Goal 3: Jamaica’s Economy is Prosperous

Outcome 8: An Enabling Business Environment

Five SDG indicators and one supplemental indicator measure participation of women and children in the labor force. All are available with sex-disaggregation.

8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.5.X Labor force participation rate, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and age	Available with all disaggregations
9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment	Available with all disaggregations
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations

Outcome 9: Strong Economic Infrastructure

Many factors contribute to a strong economic infrastructure. Of particular importance to women are the availability of work in the modern sector of the economy; their access to financial institutions; and recognition of their secure rights to land and other assets.

9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment	Available with all disaggregations
8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age, and persons with disabilities	Not available
1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure	Not available

 

Outcome 10: Energy Security and Efficiency

Many Jamaican households continue to rely on solid cooking fuels that create dangerous indoor pollution that has its greatest effect on women and children.

7.1.X Proportion of women with access to clean cooking fuel

Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation

 

Outcome 11: A Technology-Enabled Society

Three indicators provide measures of the penetration of modern technologies.

5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet	Available with all disaggregations
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations

Goal 4: Jamaica has a Healthy Natural Environment

Outcome 14: Hazard Risk Reduction

None of the available indicators on environmental hazards provide sex-disaggregation.

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons, and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
11.2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services	Available but lacking sex-disaggregation
6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution	Not available
3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)	Not available

 

Outcome 15: Sustainable Urban and Rural Development

Both indicators 11.1.1 and 11.7.1 could potentially be disaggregated by sex. However, neither are available in Jamaica’s national databases.

11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing	Not available
11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Not available

 

Jamaica adopted the National Policy for Gender Equality (Jamaica Bureau of Women’s Affairs, 2011) from 2011 to 2015. Jamaica’s national gender policy was geared towards attaining development goals such as those specified in the Millennium Development Goals.

This national gender policy noted that there is a deficit in sex-disaggregated data, which poses challenges to support policy and implementation of programs on gender equality. The present Bridging the Gap results confirm that this deficit persists. Across Jamaica’s national databases, 36 percent of indicators have sex-disaggregated data, 29 percent of indicators lack sex-disaggregation, and 35 percent of indicators do not have data available.

With ten years left to monitor progress towards the SDGs, there is still time for the Jamaican Bureau of Women’s Affairs to renew the National Policy for Gender Equality with a focus towards the SDGs. The Jamaican government has already renewed commitments towards the wellbeing of women through Every Caribbean Woman, Every Caribbean Child (UNFPA, 2017b), a regional initiative that works to enhance maternal and child health. This initiative has received high-level support from Jamaica, which participated in the First Ladies Forum to launch the initiative. The use of high quality, timely data on maternal and child health is crucial to ensuring the success of this initiative.

 

Paraguay

Paraguay’s Ministry of Women (Ministerio de la Mujer) is currently implementing the National Equality Plan 2018-2024 (Plan Nacional de Igualdad 2018-2024) (Paraguay Ministry of Women, 2018), which is adapted from the SDGs, particularly Goal 5: gender equality. The policy identifies obstacles to women’s equality and then sets objectives and targets. Some objectives refer to the need for data, but indicators are not used to measure progress towards these data-driven objectives.

Developing and analyzing statistical data and studies on internal and international trafficking for the purpose of sexual and labor exploitation

This is an important gap in Paraguay’s gender data. Although the SDGs include a number of relevant indicators along with recommended methodologies for their collection, they are currently missing from Paraguay’s national databases. Data are not available for indicators 5.2.1 or 5.2.2, although Paraguay has reported a single estimate in 2015 for deaths due to violence by family members because of gender. Data on homicides are available disaggregated by sex and region.

16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls subjected to physical, sexual, or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner	Non-conforming, lacking sex-disaggregation
16.1.2 Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological, or sexual violence in the previous 12 months	Not available
16.2.2 The number of victims of human trafficking	Not available
16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18	Not available
5.2.2 Proportion of women subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner	Not available

 

The plan also cites as an obstacle the “lack of data and studies on the situation and possibilities of female entrepreneurship as well as women’s access to credit in all the country’s credit institutions.”

There are no current SDG indicators that directly address the issue of female entrepreneurship, but a number of indicators are available to measure women’s participation in the labor force, ownership rights, access to credit, and use of modern communications.

17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet	Available with all disaggregations
5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone	Non-conforming with sex-disaggregation
8.10.2 Proportion of adults with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile money service provider. (Data available in international databases.)	Not available

Neither of the SDG indicators on ownership rights and land tenure (1.4.2 and 5.a.1) are available in Paraguay. However, nine other economic indicators are available with sex-disaggregation. These provide a starting point for better understanding women’s role and opportunities in Paraguay’s economy

8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.5.X Labor force participation rate, by sex	Available with all disaggregations
8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment, or training	Available with all disaggregations
8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and age	Available with all disaggregations
9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment	Available with all disaggregations
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims, and the poor and the vulnerable	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age, and location	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age, and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Sex-disaggregated, lacking other disaggregations

 

Because Paraguay’s National Equality Plan is ongoing, its identification of data gaps is important, but it would be better to set specific targets and plans for filling those gaps. Based on the present study, across Paraguay’s national databases, only 63 percent of the study indicators are available in some form, and 52 percent have sex-disaggregated data. To ensure the successful implementation of this national gender plan, timely, reliable data are needed to monitor the plan’s progress across all domains.

 

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Annex

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Table A1: Gender indicators included in study

Indicator number	Source*	Indicator	Tier classification (May 2019)	Domain
1.4.1	AGI	Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services	Tier II	ENVT
1.4.2	AGI	Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure	Tier II	ECON
1.5.1	AGI	Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Duplicate indicators: 11.5.1, 13.1.1	Tier II	ENVT
2.1.1	AGI	Prevalence of undernourishment	Tier I	HEAL
2.1.2	AGI	Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)	Tier II	HEAL
2.2.1	AGI	Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age	Tier I	HEAL
2.2.2	AGI	Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)	Tier I	HEAL
2.3.2	AGI	Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status	Tier II	ECON
3.2.1	AGI	Under-five mortality rate	Tier I	HEAL
3.2.2	AGI	Neonatal mortality rate	Tier I	HEAL
3.3.2	AGI	Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population	Tier I	HEAL
3.3.3	AGI	Malaria incidence per 1,000 population	Tier I	HEAL
3.3.4	AGI	Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population	Tier I	HEAL
3.3.5	AGI	Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases	Tier I	HEAL
3.4.1	AGI	Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease	Tier I	HEAL
3.4.2	AGI	Suicide mortality rate	Tier I	HEAL
3.5.2	AGI	Harmful use of alcohol defined according to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in liters of pure alcohol	Tier I	HEAL
3.6.1	AGI	Death rate due to road traffic injuries	Tier I	HEAL
3.9.1	AGI	Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution	Tier I	ENVT
3.9.2	AGI	Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)	Tier I	ENVT
3.9.3	AGI	Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning	Tier I	HEAL
3.a.1	AGI	Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older	Tier I	HEAL
3.b.1	AGI	Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme	Tier I	HEAL
4.1.1	AGI	Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex	Tier II	EDUC
4.2.1	AGI	Proportion of children under five years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sex	Tier II/III	HEAL
4.4.1	AGI	Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill	Tier II	EDUC
4.5.1	AGI	Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated • To score AA: gender parity index plus one other index must be available	Tier I/II/III depending on index	EDUC
4.c.1	AGI	Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country	Tier II	EDUC
6.1.1	AGI	Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services	Tier II	ENVT
6.2.1	AGI	Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water	Tier II	ENVT
8.10.2	AGI	Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider	Tier I	ECON
8.6.1	AGI	Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training	Tier I	ECON
9.1.1	AGI	Proportion of the rural population who live within two km of an all-season road	Tier II	ENVT
9.2.2	AGI	Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment	Tier I	ECON
10.1.1	AGI	Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 percent of the population and the total population	Tier II	ECON
10.2.1	AGI	Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Tier II	ECON
10.3.1	AGI	Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law Duplicate indicator: 16.b.1	Tier II	HUMN
11.1.1	AGI	Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing	Tier I	ENVT
11.7.1	AGI	Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Tier II	ENVT
16.1.2	AGI	Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age, and cause	Tier II	HUMN
16.1.3	AGI	Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological, or sexual violence in the previous 12 months	Tier II	HUMN
16.1.4	AGI	Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live	Tier II	HUMN
16.2.1	AGI	Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month	Tier II	HUMN
16.3.1	AGI	Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms	Tier II	HUMN
16.3.2	AGI	Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population	Tier I	HUMN
16.5.1	AGI	Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months	Tier II	PART
16.6.2	AGI	Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services, specifically (a) healthcare services, (b) education services and (c) government services	Tier II	PART
16.7.1	AGI	Proportions of positions in national and local public institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups	Tier II	PART
16.7.2	AGI	Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability, and population group	Tier II	PART
16.9.1	AGI	Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age	Tier I	PART
16.10.1	AGI	Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists, and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months	Tier II	HUMN
17.8.1	AGI	Proportion of individuals using the Internet	Tier I	ECON
2.1.X	SUP	Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age		HEAL
2.2.y	SUP	Share of women aged 15-49 whose BMI is less than 18.5 (underweight)		HEAL
4.1.X4	SUP	Illiteracy rates, by sex		EDUC
4.1.X6	SUP	Proportion of women with six or less years of education		EDUC
4.1.X10	SUP	Proportion of women with less than a high school diploma		EDUC
4.3.X	SUP	Primary and secondary out of school rates, by sex		EDUC
5.6.X	SUP	Proportion of women who have an independent/joint say in own health care		HEAL
7.1.X	SUP	Proportion of women with access to clean cooking fuel		ENVT
8.5.X	SUP	Labor force participation rate, by sex		ECON
1.1.1	UNW	Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural)	Tier I	ECON
1.2.1	UNW	Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age	Tier I	ECON
1.2.2	UNW	Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions	Tier II	ECON
1.3.1	UNW	Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims, and the poor and the vulnerable	Tier II	ECON
3.1.1	UNW	Maternal mortality ratio	Tier I	HEAL
3.1.2	UNW	Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel	Tier I	HEAL
3.3.1	UNW	Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations	Tier I	HEAL
3.7.1	UNW	Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods	Tier I	HEAL
3.7.2	UNW	Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group* •For the purpose of this research, aged 10-14 will be omitted.	Tier I	HEAL
4.2.2	UNW	Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex	Tier I	EDUC
4.3.1	UNW	Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex	Tier II	EDUC
4.6.1	UNW	Proportion of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex	Tier II	EDUC
4.a.1	UNW	Proportion of schools with access to (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions) Note: Only component F is assessed.	Tier II	EDUC
5.2.1	UNW	Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age	Tier II	HUMN
5.2.2	UNW	Proportion of women (aged 15-49) subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner, since age 15*	Tier II	HUMN
5.3.1	UNW	Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18	Tier I	HUMN
5.3.2	UNW	Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age	Tier I	HUMN
5.4.1	UNW	Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age, and location	Tier II	ECON
5.5.1	UNW	Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments†	Tier I (a)/ Tier II (b)	PART
5.5.2	UNW	Proportion of women in managerial positions	Tier I	PART
5.6.1	UNW	Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care	Tier II	HEAL
5.a.1	UNW	(a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure	Tier II	ECON
5.b.1	UNW	Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex	Tier II	ECON
8.3.1	UNW	Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex	Tier II	ECON
8.5.1	UNW	Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities	Tier II	ECON
8.5.2	UNW	Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities	Tier I	ECON
8.7.1	UNW	Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and age	Tier II	ECON
8.8.1	UNW	Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status	Tier II	HEAL
11.2.1	UNW	Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities	Tier II	ENVT
16.1.1	UNW	Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age	Tier I	HUMN
16.2.2	UNW	Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age, and form of exploitation	Tier II	HUMN
16.2.3	UNW	Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18	Tier II	HUMN
*Source: AGI Additional gender indicators included in SDGs SUP Supplemental indicators proposed by UN Women (2018) UNW Gender indicators in the SDGs identified by UN Women

 

 

Table A2: Websites and data portals used to locate gender indicators

Colombia national databases
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística	https://www.dane.gov.co
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (National SDG Portal)	https://www.dane.gov.co
Ministerio de Salud	https://www.minsalud.gov.co/
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar	https://www.icbf.gov.co/
Banca de las Oportunidades	http://bancadelasoportunidades.gov.co
Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses	http://medicinalegal.gov.co
Ministerio de Justicia y del Derecho	https://minjusticia.gov.co/
Costa Rica national databases
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos	https://www.inec.cr/
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (National SDG Portal)	https://www.inec.cr/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible
Ministerio de Salud	https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/
Dominican Republic national databases
Oficina Nacional de Estadística	https://www.one.gob.do/
Comisión ODS República Domincana	http://ods.gob.do/
Sistema de Indicadores de Género	https://sisge.one.gob.do/
Jamaica national databases
Statistical Institute of Jamaica	https://statinja.gov.jm/
JamStats Secretariat	http://www.jamstats.gov.jm/
Ministry of Education, Youth and Information	https://www.moey.gov.jm/
Ministry of Health and Wellbeing	https://www.moh.gov.jm/
Registrar’s General Department	https://rgd.gov.jm/
Ministry of National Security Jamaica	https://www.mns.gov.jm/
Paraguay national databases
Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos	https://www.dgeec.gov.py/
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible	https://ods.dgeec.gov.py/
Atlas de Género	https://atlasgenero.dgeec.gov.py/
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social	https://www.mspbs.gov.py/index.php
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología	http://www.conacyt.gov.py/
Corte Suprema de Justicia	https://www.pj.gov.py/
Ministerio de Educacíon	http://mec.gov.py/
International databases (all countries)
SDG Global Database	https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/
World Bank	https://data.worldbank.org
OPHI: Multidimensional Poverty Index	https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty -index/databank/country-level/
International Labour Organization	https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/
World Health Organization	https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main
Food and Agriculture Organization	http://www.fao.org/faostat/
UNICEF	https://data.unicef.org/
UNAIDS	https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/
UNESCO-UIS	http://data.uis.unesco.org
UNESCO-UIS	https://www.education-inequalities.org/
Inter-Parliamentary Union	https://data.ipu.org/
International Telecommunication Union	https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
UNODC	https://dataunodc.un.org/
UN Habitat	https://unhabitat.org/download-data/
PreventionWeb (UNISDR)	https://www.preventionweb.net
UNDESA	https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/family-planning/cp_model.asp
UN ECLAC	https://cepalstat-prod.cepal.org/

 

Note: The table includes only websites or data portals where gender indicators were found. Other sites were examined but yielded no data.

 

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Bibliography

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Buvinic, Mayra, Rebecca Furst-Nichols, Gayatri Koolwal. 2014. Mapping Gender Data Gaps. Data2X. https://data2x.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Data2X_MappingGenderDataGaps_FullReport.pdf

Colombian Women’s Observatory (Observatorio Colombiano de las Mujeres). N.D. http://www.observatoriomujeres.gov.co/es/home/index

Dominican Republic Ministry of Women. 2011. National Plan for Equality and Gender Equity 2007-2017 (Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género). http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/dom153682.pdf

_____. 2019. National Plan for Equality and Gender Equity 2019-2030 (Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género). https://cne.one.gob.do/sei/pdf/PLANEG%20III.pdf

ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean). 2006. “Agreements adopted.” Madrid: Statistical Conference of the Americas. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/events/files/ce6_agreements.pdf

_____. 2013. Montevideo consensus on population and development. Regional Conference on Population and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/21860/15/S20131039_en.pdf.

_____. 2016. Montevideo Strategy for Implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda within the Sustainable Development Framework by 2030. Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/41013/1/S1700033_en.pdf.

_____. 2017. Annual report on regional progress and challenges in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LC/L.4268(FDS.1/3)/Rev.1), https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/41189/7/S1700474_en.pdf.

_____. 2018a. Second annual report on regional progress and challenges in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LC/FDS.2/3/Rev.1). https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/43439-second-annual-report-regional-progress-and-challenges-relation-2030-agenda

_____. 2018b. Report on the prioritization of indicators for regional statistical follow-up to the Sustainable Development Goals in Latin America and the Caribbean https://www.cepal.org/en/events/seventeenth-meeting-executive-committee-statistical-conference-americas-eclac

_____. 2019a. Regional progress report on the Montevideo Strategy for Implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda within the Sustainable Development Framework by 2030 (LC/CRM.14/5). Santiago. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44957/S1900847_en.pdf?sequence=4

_____. 2019b. Regional report on the review of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in Latin American and Caribbean countries, 25 years on (LC/CRM.14/4). Santiago. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44960/S1900911_en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

_____. 2019c. “Resolution 11(X).” Santiago: Statistical Conference of the Americas. https://cea.cepal.org/10/sites/cea10/files/cea.10-resolution.pdf

_____. 2020. Gender mainstreaming in the statistical monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals. https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/transversalizacionods_eng.pdf

Grantham, Kathleen. 2020. Mapping Gender Data Gaps: An SDG Era Update. Data2X. https://data2x.org/resource-center/mappinggenderdatagaps/

INAMU (Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres). 2017. National Policy for Addressing and Preventing Violence against Women of All Ages 2017–2032 (Política Nacional para la Atención y la Prevención de la Violencia contra las Mujeres de todas las Edades Costa Rica 2017-2032). https://www.inamu.go.cr/documents/10179/967660/PLANOVI+2017-2032/fcb84a5b-cb73-4ce0-a08c-a1b886180b02.

_____. 2018. National Policy for Effective Equality between Women and Men 2018-2030 (Política Nacional para la Igualdad Efectiva entre Mujeres y Hombres 2018-2030) 2 ed. San José. https://www.inamu.go.cr/documents/10179/401246/INAMU+PIEG+2018-2030+NEW.pdf/f8333d70-df04-417e-bbe9-c48c412a3cfb

IAEG-SDGs. Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. 2016. Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-Rev1-E.pdf.

_____. 2018. Tier Classification of SDG Indicators_11 May 2018_web.xlsx. Accessed at https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/.

_____. 2019. The United Nations Minimum Set of Gender Indicators. https://genderstats.un.org/files/Minimum%20Set%20indicators%202018.11.1%20web.pdf.

CONPES (National Council for Economic and Social Policy). 2013. National Policy for Gender Equality 2013-2016 (Política Pública Nacional de Equidad de Género para las Mujeres y el Plan de Acción). Bogota. http://www.equidadmujer.gov.co/ejes/Documents/Conpes-Social-161-de-2013-Equidad-de-Genero.pdf

DNP (National Planning Department). 2018. National Development Plan 2018—2022. Bogota: Government of Colombia. https://www.dnp.gov.co/DNPN/Paginas/Plan-Nacional-de-Desarrollo.aspx.

Jamaica Bureau of Women’s Affairs. 2018. National Policy for Gender Equality 2011-2015. Kingston. http://nlj.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NPGE-JA-FINALwCover21311.pdf.

ODW and Data2X. 2016. Ready to Measure: Twenty Indicators for Monitoring the SDG Gender Targets. Open Data Watch. https://opendatawatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ready-to-measure.pdf.

ODW (Open Data Watch). 2019. Bridging the Gap: Mapping Gender Data Availability in Africa. Data2X. https://data2x.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bridging-the-Gap-Technical-Report-Web-Ready.pdf
_____. 2020. Bridging the Gap: Methodology Report. https://opendatawatch.com/monitoring-reporting/bridging-the-gap-methodology-report/

OAS (Organization of American States). 1994. Inter-American Convention On The Prevention, Punishment And Eradication Of Violence Against Women (“Convention Of Belem Do Para”). https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-61.html.

PARIS21. 2019. “PARIS21 on the ground in in the Dominican Republic to support national gender statistics assessment.” https://paris21.org/news-center/news/paris21-ground-dominican-republic-support-national-gender-statistics-assessment

Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2009. Vision 2030 Jamaica: National Development Plan. https://observatorioplanificacion.cepal.org/sites/default/files/plan/files/Jamaica_Vision_2030_Jamaica_NDP_Full_No_Cover_web.pdf.

Paraguay Ministry of Women. 2018. National Equality Plan 2018-2024 (Plan Nacional de Igualdad 2018-2024). http://www.mujer.gov.py/application/files/6515/4583/7140/DECRETO936_plan_de_igualdad.pdf

UN Women. 2018. Turning Promises Into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/2/gender-equality-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-2018

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2016. “A silent epidemic: The fight to end female genital mutilation in Colombia” (UNFPA, 9 February 2016) accessed at https://www.unfpa.org/news/silent-epidemic-fight-end-female-genital-mutilation-colombia

_____. 2017a. “In Colombia, efforts to end FGM are empowering women to be leaders” (1 February 2017) accessed at https://www.unfpa.org/news/colombia-efforts-end-fgm-are-empowering-women-be-leaders.

_____. 2017b. “Every Caribbean Woman, Every Caribbean Child – First Ladies Forum Convenes to Address Health and Well-being for Caribbean Women and Children” (16 February 2017) accessed at https://caribbean.unfpa.org/en/news/every-caribbean-woman-every-caribbean-child-first-ladies-forum-convenes-address-health-and-well.

UNSC (United Nations Statistical Commission). 2013. Gender Statistics: Report of the Secretary General. E/CN.3/2013/10. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/CN.3/2013/10.

UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division). N.D. Global SDG Database. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/

United Nations. 1979. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1981/09/19810903%2005-18%20AM/Ch_IV_8p.pdf

_____. 1995. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/Beijing_Declaration_and_Platform_for_Action.pdf.

_____. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (A/RES/70/1). New York: General Assembly Seventieth Session. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E

_____. No date. Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Department of Economic and social Affairs: Statistics Division. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/.

World Bank. n.d. Gender Data Navigator. http://datanavigator.ihsn.org/.

 

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Footnotes

^[1] The list of SDG indicators includes some duplicates and some indicators specify more than one measure. The count of 232 is the agreed enumeration of unique indicators in the current listing, although that number will change when proposed revisions are made in 2020.

^[2] Grantham (2020) provides a comprehensive list of data needed to monitor women’s economic opportunities.

^[3] See for example, UNFPA (2016), “A silent epidemic: The fight to end female genital mutilation in Colombia.” A subsequent article from UNFPA (2017) describes women’s role in curbing the practice. “In Colombia, efforts to end FGM are empowering women to be leaders.”

 

 

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View/download the print version (PDF) of this report
See also the Methodology Report and Country Profile

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